Seja C a circunferência de equação x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y + 2=0. Considere em C a corda MN cujo ponto médio é P(-1, -1). O comprimento de MN (em unidade de comprimento) é igual a
O valor da expressão E = (999)5 + 5·(999)4 +10·(999)3 +10·(999)2 +5·(999)+ 1 é igual a
A soma das soluções da equação cos(2x) - cos(x)=0, com x ∈ [0, 2 π), é igual a
O número N de bactérias de uma cultura é dado em função do tempo t (em minutos), pela fórmula N(t)=(2,5)1,2t . Considere log10 2=0,3, o tempo (em minutos) necessário para que a cultura tenha 1084 bactérias é
A probabilidade de um casal ter um filho de olhos azuis é igual a 1/3 . Se o casal pretende ter 4 filhos, a probabilidade de que no máximo dois tenham olhos azuis é
Os gráficos de f(x)= 2 e g(x) = x2 - |x| têm dois pontos em comum. O valor da soma das abscissas dos pontos em comum é igual a
Considere a reta t mediatriz do segmento cujos extremos são os pontos em que a reta s: 2x - 3y +12=0 intercepta os eixos coordenados. Então, a distância do ponto M(1,1) à reta t é
Sejam z e v números complexos onde |z|=1 e v tem coordenadas no plano de Argand-Gauss (√2/2 , √2/2). Sobre o número complexo z e v (resultante da multiplicação dos complexos z e v), podemos afirmar que
Os valores reais de n para os quais a reta (t) y=x+n seja tangente à elipse de equação 2x2 + 3y2=6 são iguais a
Determine o volume (em cm3) de uma pirâmide retangular de altura “a” e lados da base “b” e “c” (a, b e c em centímetros), sabendo que a + b + c = 36 e “a”, “b” e “c” são, respectivamente, números diretamente proporcionais a 6, 4 e 2.
As três raízes da equação x3 - 6x2 + 21x - 26 = 0 são m, n e p. Sabendo que m e n são complexas e que p é uma raiz racional, o valor de m2 + n2 é igual a
Se o perímetro de um triângulo equilátero inscrito em um círculo é 3 cm, a área do círculo (em cm2) é igual a
“Em 1540 a.C. o filósofo grego Xenófanes encontrou conchas marinhas nos cumes de montanhas e pensou que elas poderiam ter estado no fundo do mar em algum momento, sendo posteriormente soerguidas. Ele tinha razão: forças do interior da Terra movimentam a crosta terrestre, criam novos relevos ou modificam sua estrutura e fisionomia [...].”
(Terra, Lygia; Araújo, Regina; Guimarães, Raul. Conexões: estudos de Geografia Geral e do Brasil, 2015, p.313).
Essas novas formas de relevo criadas são constantemente modificadas sob a ação da água e do ar, por exemplo. Assim, sobre a dinâmica do relevo terrestre e a atuação dos agentes internos e externos do relevo, pode-se afirmar que
I- a presença da Dorsal Mesoatlântica, grande cadeia de montanhas submersa no Oceano Atlântico, ajuda a explicar a pouca probabilidade de ocorrerem tsunamis na costa brasileira, uma vez que esta é fruto não da colisão, mas do afastamento entre placas tectônicas.
II- no terremoto ocorrido no Japão, em 2011, a porção nordeste do País foi a mais atingida, por ser a mais próxima ao epicentro do maremoto, isto é, por estar mais próxima ao local da superfície onde se manifestou o maremoto.
III- os movimentos orogenéticos, ao atingirem as rochas com maior plasticidade, da crosta terrestre, são os responsáveis, por exemplo, pela formação de grandes dobramentos modernos, como os Alpes e os Andes.
IV- a formação de grandes deltas como o do rio Nilo e a formação de grandes planícies aluviais, favoráveis à atividade agrícola, como a do rio Ganges, estão associadas, principalmente, à erosão pluvial.
V- a presença de solos pedregosos nas regiões desérticas está relacionada, principalmente, à ação predominante do intemperismo químico nas rochas dessa região.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta todas as afirmativas corretas.
Considere as seguintes afirmativas sobre impactos ambientais em três grandes domínios morfoclimáticos brasileiros:
I- Possui uma formação vegetal muito densa, com grande biodiversidade. Possui o maior número de espécies ameaçadas do Brasil devido, dentre outros, à exploração madeireira, às monoculturas de exportação e à expansão urbana. Devido ao intenso desmatamento de suas encostas, são intensos os processos erosivos e frequentes os deslizamentos de terra nesse domínio morfoclimático.
II- Nas bordas desse domínio, caracterizado pelo relevo de planícies, depressões e baixos planaltos, localiza-se a maior parte do chamado arco do desmatamento, uma área cujas atividades econômicas, ligadas à extração madeireira e à abertura de novas áreas para a agricultura e pecuária, vêm acarretando intenso processo de queimada, desflorestamento e intensificação dos processos erosivos.
III- Esse domínio tem sofrido o maior dos impactos ambientais no contexto brasileiro com a expansão da monocultura canavieira e da soja. Embora tenha sido declarado como um dos principais hotspots brasileiros, 57% de sua área original já estão desmatados, e se o ritmo do desmatamento de sua vegetação não diminuir, até 2030 essa formação poderá ter desaparecido.
As afirmativas acima referem-se, respectivamente, aos domínios morfoclimáticos
A escala indica a proporção em que um mapa foi traçado, em relação ao objeto real, e varia de acordo com as finalidades desse mapa. Sobre as escalas utilizadas nos mais diferentes tipos de mapas, podemos afirmar que
I- em um mapa com escala de 1:25.000.000, a distância de 8 cm no mapa corresponde à distância real de 2.500 Km.
II- uma escala de 1:1.000.000 é considerada uma escala grande e é muito utilizada para obter, em um mapa, informações bem detalhadas de um dado lugar.
III- quanto maior a escala de um mapa, menor será a área que ele representa, e menos evidente será a projeção cartográfica utilizada na confecção do mapa.
IV- a escala gráfica pode ser apresentada em diferentes unidades de medida e a escala numérica, quando estiver com a unidade de medida omitida, estará em centímetros.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta todas as afirmativas corretas.
“Os deslocamentos de população conhecidos como migrações podem ser gerados por necessidades internas dos próprios grupos populacionais ou por fatores externos a eles. Geralmente estão vinculados a um contexto socioeconômico global ou a um contexto nacional ou regional, ou podem estar ligados a causas econômicas, razões políticas, étnicas ou religiosas [...].”
(Terra, Lygia; Araújo, Regina; Guimarães, Raul. Conexões: estudos de Geografia Geral e do Brasil, 2015, p.90).
Sobre os deslocamentos internacionais de população, pode-se afirmar que
I- diversos fatores podem motivar as migrações, mas, atualmente, são os conflitos religiosos os maiores responsáveis pelos movimentos migratórios no mundo.
II- países como Catar e Kuait, no Oriente Médio, desde a década de 1970, transformaram-se numa zona de forte atração migratória, principalmente de imigrantes de outros países asiáticos, para trabalharem nos campos de petróleo e em áreas como a construção civil, comércio e transportes.
III- as baixas taxas de fecundidade, abaixo do nível necessário para reposição populacional, e a necessidade de mão de obra não qualificada nos países europeus têm posto fim às políticas migratórias restritivas nesse continente.
IV- os EUA são o país com o maior número de imigrantes internacionais, atraídos pelas possibilidades de emprego; por outro lado, é dos países asiáticos a maior parte dos emigrantes que deixa seus países em busca de melhores condições de vida.
V- uma das vantagens dos imigrantes em situação irregular é que conseguem desfrutar dos serviços de saúde e educação do país de destino, como qualquer cidadão.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta todas as afirmativas corretas.
Embora a maioria dos brasileiros viva na cidade em que nasceu, o volume de migrantes internos é enorme, especialmente entre a população economicamente ativa (PEA).
Sobre as migrações internas brasileiras, pode-se afirmar que
I- a maior dinâmica industrial da Região Sudeste, em relação às demais, provocou, segundo os últimos censos demográficos, o aumento das migrações inter-regionais e uma significativa redução dos movimentos intrarregionais.
II- na década de 2000, as chamadas cidades médias, com até 500 mil habitantes, especialmente as da Região Centro-Oeste, apresentaram crescimento populacional muito mais vigoroso do que as grandes cidades, tornando-se grande polo de atração populacional.
III- a partir da década de 1990, a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo registrou êxodo migratório por conta das chamadas migrações de retorno, contudo o Estado de São Paulo ainda apresenta saldo migratório positivo.
IV- a expansão da fronteira agrícola e do agronegócio na Região Sul faz desta a região com o maior percentual de residentes não nascidos em seu interior.
V- as migrações pendulares diárias nas metrópoles ocorrem entre o núcleo urbano central e os núcleos situados no seu entorno, fisicamente integrados entre si, o que não é possível ocorrer entre núcleos que estão apenas funcionalmente integrados.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta todas as afirmativas corretas.
O sistema de transporte é um elemento determinante da competitividade das mercadorias produzidas por um país nos mercados internos e externos, uma vez que os custos de transporte incidem sobre os custos das matérias-primas e dos produtos finais.
Sobre os diferentes modais de transporte no Brasil, pode-se afirmar que
I- o modal hidroviário é o que apresenta o menor consumo de combustível por tonelada transportada, contudo a implantação de hidrovias no País envolve obras civis de forte impacto ambiental e de elevado custo.
II- em virtude do predomínio do modal rodoviário no transporte de carga e da sua maior flexibilidade nos percursos, a política de transporte brasileira continua, quase que exclusivamente, baseada na expansão e modernização das rodovias.
III- no que se refere ao modal ferroviário, a Ferronorte é um empreendimento que visa facilitar o escoamento da produção agrícola do Mato Grosso e Rondônia, tanto pelos portos de São Paulo como pelos da Região Norte do País.
IV- a implantação e a expansão das redes intermodais, principalmente no que diz respeito à conexão de infraestruturas entre os diferentes modais de transporte, ampliarão a fluidez dos fluxos de bens e de pessoas, ao mesmo tempo que contribuirão para a desconcentração das atividades econômicas no País.
V- o transporte aéreo de carga suplanta o transporte de passageiro em termos de importância para a aviação comercial no Brasil e no mundo, haja vista o significativo valor monetário das mercadorias que circulam pelas vias aéreas.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta todas as afirmativas corretas.
A China tem se tornado uma das maiores potências mundiais. É considerada uma economia emergente, tanto pelo peso de sua economia quanto pela forte influência que exerce no cenário regional e global. A expansão da indústria tem sido um dos principais fatores do crescimento da economia desse país. Sobre a economia chinesa, podemos afirmar que
I- a indústria pesada ainda permanece sob o controle estatal chinês e concentra-se, predominantemente, nas províncias da Manchúria, no nordeste do País, a qual dispõe de vastas reservas de carvão mineral e minério de ferro.
II- a indústria de alta tecnologia expandiu-se rapidamente no País, o que o tornou um dos maiores exportadores do mundo de produtos ligados à tecnologia da informação. Entretanto, a China não controla a maior parte das tecnologias mais valiosas dos produtos que fabrica, pois tais componentes são fabricados no exterior.
III- o dinamismo econômico da região litorânea da China vem se difundindo em direção ao cinturão agrícola do interior. Tal fato tem propiciado um maior equilíbrio do PIB per capita entre a “China marítima” e a “China interior”.
IV- atualmente, com o envelhecimento da população e com o desenvolvimento tecnológico do setor industrial, a mão de obra tem encarecido e levado indústrias a se transferirem para o interior do País, em busca de mão de obra mais barata.
V- a China não foi autorizada a participar da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), pelo tratamento dado aos direitos individuais e liberdades civis de sua população; dessa forma, o País não obedece às regras do comércio internacional, mantendo elevados subsídios à agricultura e altas taxas de importação.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta todas as afirmativas corretas.
“A África libertou-se do jugo colonial, mas ainda não conseguiu erguer Estados nacionais verdadeiros. Esse é o desafio político que as sociedades africanas enfrentam atualmente. Sua superação é condição indispensável para a estabilidade política e o desenvolvimento econômico. [...].”
(Magnoli, Demétrio. Geografia para o Ensino Médio, 2012, p.652-653, grifo nosso)
As dificuldades que muitos países africanos enfrentam para se constituírem em “Estados nacionais verdadeiros”, estão relacionadas
I- às secas prolongadas e às inundações, que, por si só, já explicam as frequentes crises de abastecimento alimentar, que desencadeiam crises políticas e econômicas e solapam o Estado nacional.
II- à incapacidade que o governo de diversos países tem em tributar o conjunto da sociedade, e, em certos casos, à dificuldade de controlar de fato as vastas regiões do território do país, por estarem sob o domínio de milícias armadas local que ignoram o poder central.
III- à influência do neocolonialismo, que, em muitos casos, grandes potências, ainda exercem sobre Estados africanos, por meio da ajuda financeira, da cooperação militar e, sobretudo, por meio de tratados especiais de comércio, que desfavorecem a economia nacional.
IV- à incapacidade dos nativos africanos de respeitarem as diferenças etnorreligiosas entre si e de se autogovernarem sem a presença política dos colonizadores europeus, apesar da existência, atualmente, de um país capaz de assumir o papel de liderança política no continente, como é o caso de Angola.
V- ao descompasso entre as territorialidades produzidas pela colonização e as territorialidades locais no contexto interno dos países africanos, que definiu fronteiras que não necessariamente mantêm relação com a distribuição étnica ou linguística de suas populações.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta todas as afirmativas corretas.
A queima do petróleo, do carvão e, em menor escala, do gás natural, libera gases poluentes na atmosfera, entre eles o dióxido de carbono (CO2), que intensifica a ação do efeito estufa. Diante desse fato, a busca de alternativas energéticas renováveis e de padrões de consumo compatíveis com o desenvolvimento sustentável tem feito parte do rol dos grandes desafios do nosso tempo.
Sobre as fontes renováveis na matriz energética brasileira, podemos afirmar que
I- o Brasil apresenta um setor de energia mais sustentável, do ponto de vista ambiental, do que a maioria dos países do mundo, considerando a significativa participação das fontes renováveis em sua matriz energética.
II- a política energética do País, definida no Plano Decenal de Energia (2011), prevê a ampliação do uso do potencial elétrico dos rios da Região Norte, especialmente os da Bacia Amazônica, não obstante os diversos problemas socioambientais relacionados à implantação de uma grande usina hidrelétrica.
III- a crescente utilização de biocombustíveis na matriz energética brasileira, além de reduzir a emissão de gases que geram o efeito estufa, tem a vantagem de contribuir para o controle do desmatamento.
IV- apesar de o etanol apresentar vantagens em relação aos combustíveis fósseis, nas últimas décadas a produção de cana-de-açúcar e de álcool vem diminuindo no País, em função da queda do consumo desse combustível e dos fortes impactos ambientais provocados no plantio e colheita da cana.
V- a energia eólica é uma fonte renovável em expansão no Brasil, mas possui elevado custo de instalação. Embora o Nordeste seja a região que apresenta um dos dos maiores potenciais eólicos do País, é em Osório, no Rio Grande do Sul, que se localiza o maior parque eólico nacional.
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta todas as afirmativas corretas.
No que diz respeito ao Brasil e seu relacionamento com as instituições internacionais, é correto afirmar que
A Revolução Industrial, que teve lugar na Inglaterra do século XVIII, pode ser definida como uma transformação sem precedentes no modo da produção manufatureira que trouxe profundas mudanças na estrutura social e econômica da sociedade. Teve papel preponderante na sua ocorrência
Em 1578, dom Sebastião, rei de Portugal, morre na batalha de Alcácer-Quibir. Sem descendentes, o trono foi entregue a seu tio dom Henrique, que viria a falecer dois anos depois, sem deixar herdeiro. Depois de acirrada disputa, a Coroa portuguesa acabou nas mãos de Filipe II, rei espanhol, dando início à chamada União Ibérica. Com esta união, um tradicional inimigo da Espanha torna-se inimigo de Portugal. Das opções abaixo, assinale aquele que se tornou inimigo de Portugal.
As relações entre a metrópole e a colônia foram regidas pelo chamado pacto colonial, sendo este aspecto uma das principais características do estabelecimento de um sistema de exploração mercantil implementado pelas nações europeias com relação à América. Com relação ao Brasil, do que constava este pacto?
O século X é caracterizado, na Europa, pela desestruturação do Império Carolíngio e pelas invasões de outros povos. Esta situação acabou intensificando um processo de ruralização já em andamento e a procura da proteção militar oferecida pelos nobres e guerreiros, por parte das pessoas pobres ou com menos recursos. Era o início do que ficou conhecido como feudalismo. As instituições feudais se originaram de elementos romanos e germânicos. São elementos germânicos:
Diante do impasse econômico-financeiro no País e de circunstâncias internacionais, os governos brasileiros, no período de 1986 a 1994, tentaram reverter esta situação combatendo a inflação e procurando retomar o crescimento através de vários planos econômicos que foram implementados naquela época.
Para a conquista da estabilização econômica, foram implantados os seguintes planos econômicos:
1. Plano Cruzado
2. Plano Collor
3. Plano Real
4. Plano Verão
5. Plano Bresser
A sequência cronológica correta dos planos listados é
A Primeira Guerra Mundial inicia-se em 1914. Coerentes com seu tradicional isolacionismo, os Estados Unidos da América adotam, a princípio, uma posição de neutralidade. Com relação a esses fatos, é correto afirmar que
Leia as afirmações abaixo referentes à Revolução Francesa.
I - Sua principal função social era defender a nação.
II - Fase da Revolução Francesa que durou de 1794 até 1799.
III- Revoltas camponesas comuns na França na década de 1780.
IV- Defendiam um governo central forte, o voto universal e a participação popular na direção do processo revolucionário.
Os fragmentos I,II,III e IV referem-se, respectivamente, ao, a(s)
A crise do sistema feudal motivou uma série de mudanças sociais e culturais com o revigoramento do comércio e das cidades, entre os séculos XI e XIII, na Europa. Nas alternativas abaixo, assinale aquela que se relaciona com o surgimento da burguesia.
Entre 1939 e 1945, o mundo foi abalado pela Segunda Guerra Mundial. O Brasil, inicialmente, adotou uma posição de neutralidade, porém, em 1941, acordos internacionais começaram a ser feitos, para apoiar os aliados. Sobre a participação brasileira na Guerra é correto afirmar que
As reformas religiosas ocorridas na Europa no século XVI devem ser analisadas como parte integrante do processo de transição do feudalismo para o capitalismo. Desta forma, implicaram conflitos entre a doutrina religiosa que vigorava e as novas práticas relacionadas à nova ordem econômica.
Assinale a alternativa que se refere aos conflitos apresentados.
Em 1781, o general inglês Cornwallis rendeu-se aos revoltosos norte-americanos, na batalha de Yorktown, dando início às negociações que levaram a Inglaterra a reconhecer os Estados Unidos da América como nação livre. Na formação desse novo estado pode-se destacar
No século XIX, uma corrente de filósofos acreditava ser possível reformar o capitalismo por meio da ação do estado ou da associação dos trabalhadores em cooperativas autogeridas. Esses princípios são denominados
This migrant crisis is different from all others
2015 was unquestionably the year of the migrant. The news was dominated for months by pictures of vast crowds shuffling through the borders of yet another European country, being treated with brutality in some places and given a reluctant welcome in others.
When researching a report for radio and television about the migrant phenomenon, it is possible to realize that there was nothing new about it. For many years, waves of displaced and frightened people have broken over Europe again and again and the images have been strikingly similar each time.
In 1945, __________ (1) the ethnic Germans, forced out of their homes in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Russia and obliged to seek shelter in a shattered and divided Germany. More recently, we can see floods of Albanian refugees escaping from the ethnic cleansing of the Serbian forces in Kosovo in 1998 and 1999.
Yet there is one major difference between these waves of migrants in the past and the one we saw in 2015. Professor Alex Betts, director of the Refugee Studies Centre at Oxford University says that it was the first time Europe faced people coming in from the outside in large numbers as refugees. He explains: “The fact that many are Muslims is perceived as challenging Europe’s identity.” European societies are changing very fast, indeed, as a result of immigration. In London, for instance, more than 300 languages are now spoken, according to a recent academic study. The influx of migrants reinforces people’s sense that their identity is under threat.
But how can the world deal conclusively with the problem? The former UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs, Sir John Holmes, blames global governance. “Other powers are rising,” he says - Syria is an example of this. “And the United States doesn’t have the influence it once did, so the problem’s not being fixed, no-one’s waving the big stick and we’re having to pick up the pieces.” We have endured an entire century of exile and homelessness and the cause is always the same - conflict and bad government. Unless these are dealt with, the flow of migrants will never be stopped.
Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-35091772
Choose the alternative containing the correct verbal tense to complete gap (1) in paragraph 3.
This migrant crisis is different from all others
2015 was unquestionably the year of the migrant. The news was dominated for months by pictures of vast crowds shuffling through the borders of yet another European country, being treated with brutality in some places and given a reluctant welcome in others.
When researching a report for radio and television about the migrant phenomenon, it is possible to realize that there was nothing new about it. For many years, waves of displaced and frightened people have broken over Europe again and again and the images have been strikingly similar each time.
In 1945, __________ (1) the ethnic Germans, forced out of their homes in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Russia and obliged to seek shelter in a shattered and divided Germany. More recently, we can see floods of Albanian refugees escaping from the ethnic cleansing of the Serbian forces in Kosovo in 1998 and 1999.
Yet there is one major difference between these waves of migrants in the past and the one we saw in 2015. Professor Alex Betts, director of the Refugee Studies Centre at Oxford University says that it was the first time Europe faced people coming in from the outside in large numbers as refugees. He explains: “The fact that many are Muslims is perceived as challenging Europe’s identity.” European societies are changing very fast, indeed, as a result of immigration. In London, for instance, more than 300 languages are now spoken, according to a recent academic study. The influx of migrants reinforces people’s sense that their identity is under threat.
But how can the world deal conclusively with the problem? The former UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs, Sir John Holmes, blames global governance. “Other powers are rising,” he says - Syria is an example of this. “And the United States doesn’t have the influence it once did, so the problem’s not being fixed, no-one’s waving the big stick and we’re having to pick up the pieces.” We have endured an entire century of exile and homelessness and the cause is always the same - conflict and bad government. Unless these are dealt with, the flow of migrants will never be stopped.
Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-35091772
Choose the alternative that correctly substitutes the expression for instance in the sentence “In London, for instance, more than 300 languages...” (paragraph 4).
This migrant crisis is different from all others
2015 was unquestionably the year of the migrant. The news was dominated for months by pictures of vast crowds shuffling through the borders of yet another European country, being treated with brutality in some places and given a reluctant welcome in others.
When researching a report for radio and television about the migrant phenomenon, it is possible to realize that there was nothing new about it. For many years, waves of displaced and frightened people have broken over Europe again and again and the images have been strikingly similar each time.
In 1945, __________ (1) the ethnic Germans, forced out of their homes in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Russia and obliged to seek shelter in a shattered and divided Germany. More recently, we can see floods of Albanian refugees escaping from the ethnic cleansing of the Serbian forces in Kosovo in 1998 and 1999.
Yet there is one major difference between these waves of migrants in the past and the one we saw in 2015. Professor Alex Betts, director of the Refugee Studies Centre at Oxford University says that it was the first time Europe faced people coming in from the outside in large numbers as refugees. He explains: “The fact that many are Muslims is perceived as challenging Europe’s identity.” European societies are changing very fast, indeed, as a result of immigration. In London, for instance, more than 300 languages are now spoken, according to a recent academic study. The influx of migrants reinforces people’s sense that their identity is under threat.
But how can the world deal conclusively with the problem? The former UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs, Sir John Holmes, blames global governance. “Other powers are rising,” he says - Syria is an example of this. “And the United States doesn’t have the influence it once did, so the problem’s not being fixed, no-one’s waving the big stick and we’re having to pick up the pieces.” We have endured an entire century of exile and homelessness and the cause is always the same - conflict and bad government. Unless these are dealt with, the flow of migrants will never be stopped.
Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-35091772
According to the text, read the statements and choose the correct alternative.
I – There isn’t anything new about the current migrant crisis.
II – The former migrant phenomena happened in London.
III – This migrant phenomenon is interfering in Europe’s society.
IV – Europeans are concerned about learning new languages.
V – Syria is becoming powerful and apparently there is no control over it.
VI – Conflicts and poor governance are the reasons for the migration.
How Brazil Crowdsourced a Pioneering Law
The passage of the Marco Civil da Internet, an “Internet bill of rights” commonly referred to in English as the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet, demonstrates how the Internet can be used to rejuvenate democratic governance in the digital age. The law is important not only for its content, but for the innovative and participatory way it was written, bypassing traditional modes of legislation-making to go directly to the country’s citizens. At a moment when governments of all kinds are viewed as increasingly distant from ordinary people, Brazil’s example makes an argument that democracy offers a way forward.
The pioneering law was signed in 2014 and has three components. First, it safeguards privacy by restricting the ability of private corporations and the government to store Internet users’ browsing histories. Second, it mandates a judicial review of requests to remove potentially offensive or illegal material, including content that infringes copyrights. And third, it prohibits Internet service providers from manipulating data transfer speeds for commercial purposes. The bill was acclaimed by activists as an example the rest of the world should follow.
What makes this law even more interesting is that it became one of the largest-ever experiments in crowdsourcing legislation. The law’s original text was written through a website that allowed individual citizens and organizations — including NGOs, businesses, and political parties — to interact with one another and publicly debate the law’s content. This process was markedly different from the traditional method of writing bills “behind closed doors” in the halls of Congress, a process that favored well-connected families and large corporations.
Policymakers in other countries have tried to capture citizen input using social media before, but never on this scale, in a country of roughly 200 million people. Whether it would succeed was far from certain. During the website’s public launch, in 2009, one of the government lawyers summed up the organizers’ high hopes: “This experience could transform the way we discuss not just legislation about the Internet, but also the way we discuss other bills in Brazil, and, in so doing, reconfigure our democracy.”
Adapted from http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/19/how-brazil-crowdsourced-a-landmark-law/
In the title “How Brazil Crowdsourced a Pioneering Law”, the verb crowdsource means
How Brazil Crowdsourced a Pioneering Law
The passage of the Marco Civil da Internet, an “Internet bill of rights” commonly referred to in English as the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet, demonstrates how the Internet can be used to rejuvenate democratic governance in the digital age. The law is important not only for its content, but for the innovative and participatory way it was written, bypassing traditional modes of legislation-making to go directly to the country’s citizens. At a moment when governments of all kinds are viewed as increasingly distant from ordinary people, Brazil’s example makes an argument that democracy offers a way forward.
The pioneering law was signed in 2014 and has three components. First, it safeguards privacy by restricting the ability of private corporations and the government to store Internet users’ browsing histories. Second, it mandates a judicial review of requests to remove potentially offensive or illegal material, including content that infringes copyrights. And third, it prohibits Internet service providers from manipulating data transfer speeds for commercial purposes. The bill was acclaimed by activists as an example the rest of the world should follow.
What makes this law even more interesting is that it became one of the largest-ever experiments in crowdsourcing legislation. The law’s original text was written through a website that allowed individual citizens and organizations — including NGOs, businesses, and political parties — to interact with one another and publicly debate the law’s content. This process was markedly different from the traditional method of writing bills “behind closed doors” in the halls of Congress, a process that favored well-connected families and large corporations.
Policymakers in other countries have tried to capture citizen input using social media before, but never on this scale, in a country of roughly 200 million people. Whether it would succeed was far from certain. During the website’s public launch, in 2009, one of the government lawyers summed up the organizers’ high hopes: “This experience could transform the way we discuss not just legislation about the Internet, but also the way we discuss other bills in Brazil, and, in so doing, reconfigure our democracy.”
Adapted from http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/19/how-brazil-crowdsourced-a-landmark-law/
Choose the alternative that correctly substitutes the word bypassing in the sentence “... bypassing traditional modes of legislation-making ...” (paragraph 1).
How Brazil Crowdsourced a Pioneering Law
The passage of the Marco Civil da Internet, an “Internet bill of rights” commonly referred to in English as the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet, demonstrates how the Internet can be used to rejuvenate democratic governance in the digital age. The law is important not only for its content, but for the innovative and participatory way it was written, bypassing traditional modes of legislation-making to go directly to the country’s citizens. At a moment when governments of all kinds are viewed as increasingly distant from ordinary people, Brazil’s example makes an argument that democracy offers a way forward.
The pioneering law was signed in 2014 and has three components. First, it safeguards privacy by restricting the ability of private corporations and the government to store Internet users’ browsing histories. Second, it mandates a judicial review of requests to remove potentially offensive or illegal material, including content that infringes copyrights. And third, it prohibits Internet service providers from manipulating data transfer speeds for commercial purposes. The bill was acclaimed by activists as an example the rest of the world should follow.
What makes this law even more interesting is that it became one of the largest-ever experiments in crowdsourcing legislation. The law’s original text was written through a website that allowed individual citizens and organizations — including NGOs, businesses, and political parties — to interact with one another and publicly debate the law’s content. This process was markedly different from the traditional method of writing bills “behind closed doors” in the halls of Congress, a process that favored well-connected families and large corporations.
Policymakers in other countries have tried to capture citizen input using social media before, but never on this scale, in a country of roughly 200 million people. Whether it would succeed was far from certain. During the website’s public launch, in 2009, one of the government lawyers summed up the organizers’ high hopes: “This experience could transform the way we discuss not just legislation about the Internet, but also the way we discuss other bills in Brazil, and, in so doing, reconfigure our democracy.”
Adapted from http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/19/how-brazil-crowdsourced-a-landmark-law/
According to the text, choose the correct statement.
Operation Desert Storm Was Not Won By Smart Weaponry Alone
Technology has long been a deciding factor on the battlefield, from powerful artillery to new weaponry to innovations in the seas and the skies. Twenty-five years ago, it was no different, as the United States and its allies proved overwhelmingly successful in the Persian Gulf War. A coalition of U.S. Army Apache attack helicopters, cruise missiles from naval vessels, and Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk “stealth fighters” soundly broke through Saddam Hussein’s army defenses in Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm, which became known as the “100-hour war”.
But for all the possibilities that this “Computer War” offered, Operation Desert Storm was not won by smart weaponry, alone. Despite the “science fiction”-like technology deployed, 90 percent of the pieces of ammunition used in Desert Storm were actually “dumb weapons”. The bombs, which weren’t guided by lasers or satellites, were lucky to get within half a kilometer of their targets after they were dumped from planes. While dumb bombs might not have been exciting enough to make the headlines during the attack, they were cheaper to produce and could be counted on to work. But frequency of use doesn’t change why history will remember Desert Storm for its smart weapons, rather than its dumb ones.
Adapted from http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ operation-desert-storm-was-not-won-smart-weaponry-alone- 180957879/
Choose the alternative that has the sentence “Operation Desert Storm was not won by smart weaponry” (paragraph 2) correctly changed into active voice.
Operation Desert Storm Was Not Won By Smart Weaponry Alone
Technology has long been a deciding factor on the battlefield, from powerful artillery to new weaponry to innovations in the seas and the skies. Twenty-five years ago, it was no different, as the United States and its allies proved overwhelmingly successful in the Persian Gulf War. A coalition of U.S. Army Apache attack helicopters, cruise missiles from naval vessels, and Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk “stealth fighters” soundly broke through Saddam Hussein’s army defenses in Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm, which became known as the “100-hour war”.
But for all the possibilities that this “Computer War” offered, Operation Desert Storm was not won by smart weaponry, alone. Despite the “science fiction”-like technology deployed, 90 percent of the pieces of ammunition used in Desert Storm were actually “dumb weapons”. The bombs, which weren’t guided by lasers or satellites, were lucky to get within half a kilometer of their targets after they were dumped from planes. While dumb bombs might not have been exciting enough to make the headlines during the attack, they were cheaper to produce and could be counted on to work. But frequency of use doesn’t change why history will remember Desert Storm for its smart weapons, rather than its dumb ones.
Adapted from http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ operation-desert-storm-was-not-won-smart-weaponry-alone- 180957879/
According to the text, “dumb weapons” (paragraph 2) were
Operation Desert Storm Was Not Won By Smart Weaponry Alone
Technology has long been a deciding factor on the battlefield, from powerful artillery to new weaponry to innovations in the seas and the skies. Twenty-five years ago, it was no different, as the United States and its allies proved overwhelmingly successful in the Persian Gulf War. A coalition of U.S. Army Apache attack helicopters, cruise missiles from naval vessels, and Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk “stealth fighters” soundly broke through Saddam Hussein’s army defenses in Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm, which became known as the “100-hour war”.
But for all the possibilities that this “Computer War” offered, Operation Desert Storm was not won by smart weaponry, alone. Despite the “science fiction”-like technology deployed, 90 percent of the pieces of ammunition used in Desert Storm were actually “dumb weapons”. The bombs, which weren’t guided by lasers or satellites, were lucky to get within half a kilometer of their targets after they were dumped from planes. While dumb bombs might not have been exciting enough to make the headlines during the attack, they were cheaper to produce and could be counted on to work. But frequency of use doesn’t change why history will remember Desert Storm for its smart weapons, rather than its dumb ones.
Adapted from http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ operation-desert-storm-was-not-won-smart-weaponry-alone- 180957879/
Choose the alternative that correctly substitutes the expression rather than in the sentence “... history will remember Desert Storm for its smart weapons, rather than its dumb ones.” (paragraph 2).
Would it be wrong to eradicate mosquitoes?
The mosquito is the most dangerous animal in the world, carrying diseases that kill one million people a year. Now the Zika virus, which is carried by mosquitoes, has been linked with thousands of babies born with brain defects in South America. There are 3,500 known species of mosquitoes, but only the females from just 6% of species draw blood from humans - to help them develop their eggs. Of these, just half carry parasites that cause human diseases.
More than a million people, mostly from poorer nations, die each year from mosquito-borne diseases, including Malaria, Dengue Fever and Yellow Fever. Some mosquitoes also carry the Zika virus, which was first thought to cause only mild fever and rashes. However, scientists are now worried that it can damage babies in the womb. There’s a constant effort to educate people to use nets and other tactics to avoid being bitten. But would it just be simpler to make an entire species of disease-carrying mosquito extinct?
In Britain, scientists at Oxford University and the biotech firm Oxitec have genetically modified (GM) the males of Aedes aegypti - a mosquito species that carries both the Zika and Dengue viruses. These GM males carry a gene that stops their offspring from developing properly. This second generation of mosquitoes then die before they can reproduce and become carriers of disease themselves.
So are there any downsides to removing mosquitoes? Mosquitoes, which mostly feed on plant nectar, are important pollinators. They are also a food source for birds and bats while their young - as larvae - are consumed by fish and frogs. This could have an effect further ahead in the food chain. Mosquitoes also have limited the destructive impact of humanity on nature. Mosquitoes make tropical rainforests, for humans, virtually uninhabitable. Rainforests are home to a large share of our total plant and animal species, and nothing has done more to delay man-made destruction over the past 10,000 years than the mosquito.
Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35408835
According to the text, choose the correct statement.
Would it be wrong to eradicate mosquitoes?
The mosquito is the most dangerous animal in the world, carrying diseases that kill one million people a year. Now the Zika virus, which is carried by mosquitoes, has been linked with thousands of babies born with brain defects in South America. There are 3,500 known species of mosquitoes, but only the females from just 6% of species draw blood from humans - to help them develop their eggs. Of these, just half carry parasites that cause human diseases.
More than a million people, mostly from poorer nations, die each year from mosquito-borne diseases, including Malaria, Dengue Fever and Yellow Fever. Some mosquitoes also carry the Zika virus, which was first thought to cause only mild fever and rashes. However, scientists are now worried that it can damage babies in the womb. There’s a constant effort to educate people to use nets and other tactics to avoid being bitten. But would it just be simpler to make an entire species of disease-carrying mosquito extinct?
In Britain, scientists at Oxford University and the biotech firm Oxitec have genetically modified (GM) the males of Aedes aegypti - a mosquito species that carries both the Zika and Dengue viruses. These GM males carry a gene that stops their offspring from developing properly. This second generation of mosquitoes then die before they can reproduce and become carriers of disease themselves.
So are there any downsides to removing mosquitoes? Mosquitoes, which mostly feed on plant nectar, are important pollinators. They are also a food source for birds and bats while their young - as larvae - are consumed by fish and frogs. This could have an effect further ahead in the food chain. Mosquitoes also have limited the destructive impact of humanity on nature. Mosquitoes make tropical rainforests, for humans, virtually uninhabitable. Rainforests are home to a large share of our total plant and animal species, and nothing has done more to delay man-made destruction over the past 10,000 years than the mosquito.
Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35408835
In the sentence “... a gene that stops their offspring from developing properly.” (paragraph 3), the word offspring means
Would it be wrong to eradicate mosquitoes?
The mosquito is the most dangerous animal in the world, carrying diseases that kill one million people a year. Now the Zika virus, which is carried by mosquitoes, has been linked with thousands of babies born with brain defects in South America. There are 3,500 known species of mosquitoes, but only the females from just 6% of species draw blood from humans - to help them develop their eggs. Of these, just half carry parasites that cause human diseases.
More than a million people, mostly from poorer nations, die each year from mosquito-borne diseases, including Malaria, Dengue Fever and Yellow Fever. Some mosquitoes also carry the Zika virus, which was first thought to cause only mild fever and rashes. However, scientists are now worried that it can damage babies in the womb. There’s a constant effort to educate people to use nets and other tactics to avoid being bitten. But would it just be simpler to make an entire species of disease-carrying mosquito extinct?
In Britain, scientists at Oxford University and the biotech firm Oxitec have genetically modified (GM) the males of Aedes aegypti - a mosquito species that carries both the Zika and Dengue viruses. These GM males carry a gene that stops their offspring from developing properly. This second generation of mosquitoes then die before they can reproduce and become carriers of disease themselves.
So are there any downsides to removing mosquitoes? Mosquitoes, which mostly feed on plant nectar, are important pollinators. They are also a food source for birds and bats while their young - as larvae - are consumed by fish and frogs. This could have an effect further ahead in the food chain. Mosquitoes also have limited the destructive impact of humanity on nature. Mosquitoes make tropical rainforests, for humans, virtually uninhabitable. Rainforests are home to a large share of our total plant and animal species, and nothing has done more to delay man-made destruction over the past 10,000 years than the mosquito.
Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35408835
In the sentence “This could have an effect further ahead in the food chain.” (paragraph 4), the word further expresses