Questão 3045175

• Banca: IDECAN
• Órgão: Colégio Pedro II
• Ano: 2015
• Provas: IDECAN - 2015 - Colégio Pedro II - Professor - Inglês
• Disciplina: Inglês
• Assuntos: Formação de palavras (prefixos e sufixos) | Word formation (prefix and suffix)

Text IV

                       Identity and Interaction: a sociocultural linguistic approach

      Different research traditions within sociocultural linguistics have particular strengths in analyzing the varied dimensions of identity outlined in this article. The method of analysis selected by the researcher makes salient which aspect of identity comes into view, and such 'partial accounts' contribute to the broader understanding of identity that we advocate here. Although these lines of research have often remained separate from one another, the combination of their diverse theoretical and methodological strengths  ‒  including the microanalysis of conversation, the macroanalysis of ideological processes, the quantitative and qualitative analysis of linguistic structures, and the ethnographic focus on local cultural practices and social groupings  ‒  calls attention to the fact that identity in all its complexity can never be contained within a single analysis. For this reason, it is necessary to conceive of sociocultural linguistics broadly and inclusively. The five principles proposed here  ‒  Emergence, Positionality, Indexicality, Relationality, and Partialness  ‒ represent the varied ways in which different kinds of scholars currently approach the question of identity. Even researchers whose primary goals lie elsewhere can contribute to this project by providing sophisticated conceptualizations of how human dynamics unfold in discourse, along with rigorous analytic tools for discovering how such processes work. While identity has been a widely circulating notion in sociocultural linguistic research for some time, few scholars have explicitly theorized the concept. The present article offers one way of understanding this body of work by anchoring identity in interaction. By positing, in keeping with recent scholarship, that identity is emergent in discourse and does not precede it, we are able to locate identity as an intersubjectively achieved social and cultural phenomenon. This discursive approach further allows us to incorporate within identity not only the broad sociological categories most commonly associated with the concept, but also more local positionings, both ethnographic and interactional. The linguistic resources that indexically produce identity at all these levels are therefore necessarily broad and flexible, including labels, implicatures, stances, styles, and entire languages and varieties. Because these tools are put to use in interaction, the process of identity construction does not reside within the individual but in intersubjective relations of sameness and difference, realness and fakeness, power and disempowerment. Finally, by theorizing agency as a broader phenomenon than simply individualistic and deliberate action, we are able to call attention to the myriad ways that identity comes into being, from habitual practice to interactional negotiation to representations and ideologies.

      It is no overstatement to assert that the age of identity is upon us, not only in sociocultural linguistics but also in the human and social sciences more generally. Scholars of language use are particularly well equipped to provide an empirically viable account of the complexities of identity as a social, cultural, and ‒ most fundamentally ‒ interactional phenomenon. The recognition of the loose coalition of approaches that we call sociocultural linguistics is a necessary step in advancing this goal, for it is only by understanding our diverse theories and methods as complementary, not competing, that we can meaningfully interpret this crucial dimension of contemporary social life.

(BUCHOLTZ, M.; HALL, K. Identity and interaction: a sociocultural approach. In: Discourse Studies, vol 7 (4‐5). London: SAGE, 2005. pp. 585‐614.)

The alternative that shows the same process of word formation as in INTERACTIONAL ‒ APPROACH – SOCIOCULTURAL is, respectively:

• A. themselves ‒ transform ‒ within
• B. scholarship ‒ further – elsewhere
• C. complexity ‒ reason ‒ discovering
• D. intersubjectively ‒ achieved – fundamental

Gabarito: B

Comentários

• b-

  interactional/ scholarship - noun + suffix

  approach/further - used as a verb. originally a different speech part

  sociocultural/elsewhere - two distinct morphemes combining to form a new unit of meaning

  Compounds are made of bound roots. Compounds borrowed from Latin and Greek morphemes preserve this characteristic, as in interactional, photograph, iatrogenic and scores of other classical words. Compounds can also combine different parts of speech. Common couplings include adjective-noun (dry run, blackberry, roughhouse), verb-noun (pick-pocket, cutthroat, dry cleaners) and verb-particle (where 'particle' is a word designating spatial expression to complete a literal or metaphorical path), as in run-over, passer-through. At times these compounds may differ in the part of speech of the whole compound vice the part of speech of its components.

• There is a variety of word formation processes, of which the mostly important are:

  Rhyming compounds - from two rhyming words. associated with child talk and called hypocoristic language:e.g.: lovey-dovey, easy-peasy

  Derivation - word creation by modification of a root without adding other roots, often changing a part of speech. Affixation is the most common type.

  Blending - the merge of two words based on sound structure. It usually combines roots or affixes along their edges: one morpheme ends before the next one starts. e.g.:mockumentary (mock + documentary); yurp (yawn + burp); hangry (hungry + angry); smog (smoke + fog)

  Clipping - abbreviation of a word that had one part cut off the rest. Classical example: cinema for cinematograph

  Acronyms - a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase. e.g.: Scuba - self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. Laser - light aplification by simulated emission ofg radioation. Radar - radio detecting and ranging

  Reanalysis - unconsciously changing the morphological boundaries of a word, rendering an old morph unrecognisable. e.g.: Hamburger, originally steak chopped in the Hamburh style

  Analogy - taking an existing word as a stem and form other words from its morphemes, changing one of them while maintaining its overall meaning. e.g.: carjack and hijack, whose meaning evolves around 'jack'

  Novel creation - a made-up word. This word formation process is often assigned to words without a known etymological origin. e.g.: blimp, freelance etc

  Creative respelling - spelling change to relate the speaker to the root word. often used in advertising, marketing and character naming. e.g.: Plak Attak, slytherin, Kruncha

  Coinage - word formation process where a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally from seemingly nothing. e.g.: aspirin, escalator, heroin.