Read the following extract and answer question.
The disjunction between method as conceptualized
by theorists and method as conducted by teachers is the
direct consequence of the inherent limitations of the concept
of method itself. First and foremost, methods are based
on idealized concepts geared toward idealized contexts.
Since language learning and teaching needs, wants, and
situations are unpredictably numerous, no idealized method
can visualize all the variables in advance in order to provide
situation-specific suggestions that practicing teachers so
clearly need in order to tackle the challenges they confront
every day of their professional lives. As a predominantly topdown exercise, the conception and construction of methods
have been largely guided by a one-size-fits-all (…) approach
that assumes a common clientele with common goals.
(KUMARAVADIVELU, B. Beyond methods:
macrostrategies for language teaching. Adapted)
Kumaravadivelu states that there are over 15 methods
for Second and Foreign Language (L2) teaching, which
he divides into three categories, i.e. language-centered,
learner-centered and learning-centered methods, as
seen, respectively, in alternative: