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tinyint
Domain: Non-negative values between 0 and 255
Storage: 1 byte
Discussion: Used to store small non-negative integer values. Uses a byte for storage.
int
Domain: Whole numbers from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (–231 to 231 – 1).
Storage: 4 bytes.
Discussion: the int datatype is frequently employed in the surrogate key of a table because it’s small (it requires 4 bytes of storage), efficient to store and retrieve, and even just in the positive range of values.
bigint
Domain: Whole numbers from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (that is, –263 to 263 – 1).
Storage: 8 bytes.
Discussion: One of the common reasons to use the 64-bit datatype is as a primary key for tables where you’ll have more than 2 billion rows. Of course, there are some companies where a billion isn’t really a very large number of things to store or count, so using a bigint will be commonplace to them.
Fonte: Pro SQL Server Relational Database Design and Implementation - Best Practices for Scalability and Performance - Sixth Edition.