Read the following extract to answer question.
Innovation in the language teaching field in the late 1980s
and 1990s has been stimulated by a special concern for
the language learning process. New methods propose that
language learning is best served when students are interacting
– completing a task or learning content or resolving real-life
issues – where linguistic structures are not taught one by one,
but where attention to linguistic form is given as necessary.
These views of language learning have been informed by
research in second language acquisition. Also giving learning
a special focus are methodological innovations of the late
1980s and 1990s. These include teaching learning strategies,
using cooperative learning, and planning lessons in such a
way that different intelligences are addressed.
(Larsen-Freeman, D. 2000)
In the fragment from the text “innovation in the language
teaching field in the late 1980s and 1990s”, the underlined
expression is an instance of