Sejam f e g funções reais de variável real definidas por f(x) = 2x e g(x) = x2 – 2x + 1. O valor da função composta f ° g no elemento x=2 é igual a
O trecho a seguir foi retirado do jornal A Classe Operária, publicado em 18 de julho de 1925.
“[...] As famílias pequeno-burguesas estão pela hora da morte. [...] São 4 pessoas: marido, mulher e dois filhos. O marido tem um pequeno negócio que lhe rende 350$ mensais líquidos. A mulher era professora: tirava 250$. Mas com o primeiro filho teve que abandonar o ensino. [...] Vejamos como os 350$ se evaporam mensalmente: aluguel 93$; almoço e jantar da pensão 150$; 10 quilos de açúcar 14$; pão 24$; 4 quilos de café 10$800; 1 quilo de manteiga 10$; 7 litros de querosene 9$; 30 litros de leite 33$; 120 ovos 20$; álcool 7$500; frutas 30$; condução 15$; lavadeira 35$; carregador da marmita 21$; luz 7$. Total 479$300. [...] Déficit mensal 129$300. [...] Como equilibram as finanças? Fazendo serviços extras[...].
[Aí] está o orçamento de uma família pequeno-burguesa ideal – que não bebe, não joga, não fuma, não passeia, não vai ao cinema, não compra a prestações.
E se é assim, imaginai a situação da grande massa trabalhadora que ganha 200$ e 250$000!
A massa vive num regime de fome lenta, de depauperamento progressivo. Eis a realidade. [...]De pé – dez milhões de trabalhadores do Brasil! Para dentro dos sindicatos! Organização econômica nos sindicatos e organização política no partido!”.
HALL, Michael; PINHEIRO, Paulo Sérgio. A Classe Operária no Brasil. In: REZENDE, Antônio Paulo. Uma Trama Revolucionária? Do Tenentismo à revolução de 30. São Paulo: Atual,1990. P. 23, 24.
O momento da História Republicana do Brasil em que a situação econômica descrita no excerto acima está inserida é especificamente o período
Durante o governo do Presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso — marcado positivamente pela contenção da desenfreada inflação que dominou os governos anteriores — ocorreu uma alteração na Constituição de 1988, que possibilitou a reeleição para cargos majoritários do poder executivo nos três níveis: federal, estadual e municipal. O processo de aprovação da Emenda Constitucional Nº16/1997, entretanto, não foi tranquilo, pois enfrentou acusações de corrupção, veiculadas a partir de grandes órgãos da imprensa nacional como o Jornal Folha de São Paulo, em 13 de maio de 1997, e a revista Veja, em 21 de maio de 1997, ambos referindo-se à denúncia de compra de votos de deputados federais para que estes aprovassem a referida Emenda Constitucional Nº16, que, publicada em 04 de junho de 1997, permitiu a reeleição para cargos de chefia do Poder Executivo; e mais, tornou possível a reeleição já a partir das eleições para presidente e governadores dos estados e Distrito Federal que ocorreriam no ano seguinte. Em 1998, após vencer o pleito presidencial, FHC tornou-se o primeiro presidente reeleito do Brasil.
Sobre a Emenda Constitucional Nº16/1997, que modificou o texto constitucional, permitindo reeleição para cargos majoritários do poder executivo nos níveis federal, estadual e municipal, é correto afirmar que
Leia atentamente o excerto a seguir:
“Há duas Brancas Dias: uma real, outra imaginária. A primeira pode ser conhecida consultando-se os documentos históricos e os estudos já escritos a respeito; a outra está nos romances e peças de teatros inspirados pelo personagem real. [...] Enquanto seu marido, Diogo Fernandes, instalava-se em Pernambuco, [...] Branca, que havia permanecido em Portugal, era denunciada e presa pela Inquisição. Acusada de judaísmo pela própria mãe e por uma irmã, que já se encontravam presas, Branca admitiu a dita heresia, sendo assim libertada, [...]. Com a morte do marido, além de administrar a parcela que restava do engenho Camaragibe após um fracasso parcial de sua exploração, Branca manteve em sua casa da Rua Palhares, em Olinda, com a ajuda das filhas, uma escola para ensinar meninas a cozinhar, bordar e fazer rendados. Mal imaginava que, trinta anos depois, já morta, suas ex-alunas a denunciariam ao visitador inquisitorial por práticas judaizantes no Brasil”.
Bruno Fleiter. Duas faces de um mito. Nossa História. Ano 1,
nº 10, ago. 2004. p. 48.
O aspecto da colonização do Brasil tratado no trecho acima diz respeito
Atente ao seguinte enunciado: “Nove anos após a Inconfidência Mineira, idealizada e liderada por membros da elite da capitania de Minas Gerais (advogados, magistrados, militares, padres e ricos contratantes), uma nova revolta ocorreu na Colônia, contra a dominação portuguesa. Essa, entretanto, não ficou restrita a um pequeno grupo da elite de brancos e intelectuais ou às ideias políticas liberais. Teve a participação e mesmo a liderança de pessoas oriundas dos grupos desprivilegiados (mulatos, brancos pobres, negros livres e escravos), dela participaram o médico Cipriano José Barata de Almeida, os soldados Lucas Dantas do Amorim Torres e Luís Gonzaga das Virgens e os alfaiates João de Deus do Nascimento e Manuel Faustino dos Santos Lira. Seus objetivos incluíam, além da autonomia em relação a Portugal, a implantação de um governo republicano, a busca por igualdade racial com a abolição da escravidão e o fim dos privilégios sociais e econômicos das elites, com a diminuição dos impostos e com aumentos salariais para o povo”.
O enunciado acima se refere ao movimento separatista colonial denominado
Considerando a História da África, ensinada no Brasil, atente às seguintes afirmações:
I. A riqueza histórica da África remonta ao surgimento do homo sapiens.
II. O continente foi totalmente devastado por guerras civis, choques étnicos, miséria, fome e Aids.
III. O Egito é parte da África.
É correto o que se afirma em
Escreva V ou F conforme seja verdadeiro ou falso o que se afirma sobre os novos fenômenos da urbanização brasileira.
( ) As atividades econômicas vinculadas às funções de decisão, financeirização, inovação tecnológica da produção e serviços de pós-venda abandonam as metrópoles e se aglomeram cada vez mais em cidades médias e pequenas.
( ) Ocorre uma industrialização do campo, com seus complexos e redes agroindustriais expulsando parte da população rural.
( ) No Brasil contemporâneo, mudanças no processo de industrialização acentuam as forças centrífugas de difusão da produção industrial, com destaque para a reestruturação produtiva das firmas, as políticas de incentivo fiscal e o deslocamento da fronteira agrícola e mineral pelo território.
( ) Conjuntos habitacionais, favelas e cortiços, de um lado, e condomínios exclusivos, murados e controlados, de outro, demarcam os extremos da diferenciação espacial da habitação nas cidades brasileiras.
Está correta, de cima para baixo, a seguinte sequência:
Leia o texto que segue sobre a Transposição do Rio São Francisco.
“De uma forma ou de outra, o projeto da transposição traz muitas esperanças para a população do semiárido nordestino. Sua efetividade, contudo, depende de outros projetos que garantam a sustentabilidade do rio e a qualidade da água. É preciso recuperar a ideia de que as cercas são um problema maior que a seca e que se rompam os domínios baseados na posse do território com água por meio de uma radical reforma agrária.”
NORONHA, Gustavo. In: Carta Capital. Caderno de Economia. 16/03/2017. Disponível em https://www.cartacapital.com.br/blogs/brasil-debate/a-transposicao-do-sao-francisco-nao-e-so-festa.
Atente ao que se diz sobre o texto acima e assinale a
afirmação verdadeira.
O vento é um produto da dinâmica atmosférica. Na troposfera, suas causas estão diretamente ligadas às diferenças de pressão e temperatura.
Considerando esses elementos formadores do clima, imagine uma linha reta numa área de planície, onde o ponto A corresponde a uma área de alta pressão (AP), o ponto B corresponde a uma área de baixa pressão (BP) e o ponto C corresponde a uma área de alta pressão (AP). De posse destas informações, pode-se afirmar corretamente que o deslocamento do vento nestas condições ocorrerá
Atente ao seguinte excerto: “Estes fatores dependem basicamente das condições climáticas e geomorfológicas. Clima quente e úmido, com cobertura vegetal exuberante, favorece a formação de espessos regolitos através da ação de ácidos orgânicos que facilitam o intemperismo químico”.
Ponto, C. G. Intemperismo em regiões tropicais. In. Geomorfologia e Meio Ambiente. Guerra, A. J. T. e Cunha, S. B. Bertrand Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, 1996. p. 28.
Considerando os fatores exógenos condicionantes do processo de intemperismo químico nos diversos ambientes da Terra, analise as afirmações a seguir.
I. As reações químicas que ocorrem neste tipo de intemperismo são controladas pela água meteórica e pelos gases O2 e CO2 nela dissolvidos.
II. Hidrólise, oxidação e dissolução são os principais tipos de reações intempéricas associadas a esse processo.
III. Minerais como a halita são facilmente dissolvidos na presença de água. De forma contrária, o quartzo possui baixa solubilidade mesmo em meio aquoso.
Está correto o que se afirma em
Leia atentamente o seguinte excerto: “Em resumo, a variabilidade natural do Clima não permite afirmar que o aquecimento de 0,7 °C seja decorrente da intensificação do efeito-estufa causada pelas atividades humanas, ou mesmo que essa tendência de aquecimento persistirá nas próximas décadas, como sugerem as projeções produzidas pelo Relatório da Quarta Avaliação do Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC). A aparente consistência entre os registros históricos e as previsões dos modelos não significa que o aquecimento esteja ocorrendo”.
Molion, L. C. B. Desmistificando o aquecimento global. Disponível em: http://www.icat.ufal.br/laboratorio/clima/data/uploads/pdf/ molion_desmist.pdf
Grande parte da discussão sobre o aquecimento do planeta Terra envolve grupos de cientistas com ideias antagônicas. Analisando o texto, percebe-se o questionamento da ideia de aquecimento global antropogênico. Essa hipótese, segundo o excerto, fundamenta-se
Atente ao seguinte excerto: “A natureza e o arranjo espacial das rochas do substrato das bacias de drenagem exercem também um papel fundamental quanto ao sentido de fluxo das águas nos seus cursos. Os rios instalados em terrenos constituídos por rochas sedimentares podem ser classificados em consequentes, subsequentes e obsequentes”.
Riccomini, C., Giaannini, P. C. e Mancini, F. Rios e Processos Fluviais. In. Decifrando a Terra. Teixeira, W. et al. Oficina de textos, São Paulo. 2001. p. 196.
Considerando a tipologia fluvial em áreas sedimentares descrita no texto acima, pode-se afirmar corretamente que os rios obsequentes são aqueles em que seu fluxo ocorre
O mal de Alzheimer era considerado uma doença que surgia devido à degeneração das células do hipocampo, área cerebral da qual dependem os mecanismos da memória. No entanto, pesquisadores italianos publicaram estudo na revista Nature Communications, em abril de 2017, no qual afirmaram que o mecanismo de origem da doença está na área tegmental ventral, onde é produzida a dopamina.
Fonte: http://www.jornalciencia.com/pesquisadores-italianos-podem-ter-descoberto-a-causa-do-alzheimer/
Em relação ao sistema nervoso, é correto afirmar que
Em experimentos realizados com ratos, por pesquisadores da Universidade da Califórnia, observou-se que os pulmões desses roedores produziram mais da metade das plaquetas. Segundo Mark Looney, autor principal do estudo, isso significa que os pulmões humanos podem produzir sangue, uma função totalmente inesperada, e que precisa ser investigada.
Fonte: http://super.abril.com.br/ciencia/descobertafuncao-inesperada-dos-pulmoes/
Considerando o conhecimento atual sobre o sistema respiratório humano, é correto afirmar que
Considerando o ciclo do carbono, analise as seguintes afirmações:
I. O dióxido de carbono na atmosfera é absorvido pelas plantas, sendo o carbono contido em sua molécula devolvido à atmosfera pelo processo de fotossíntese.
II. Os animais comem vegetais, decompõem seus açúcares e liberam carbono na atmosfera, nos oceanos e no solo.
III. Plantas e animais são decompostos pela ação de microrganismos que devolvem carbono ao meio ambiente.
IV. Os animais, através da respiração, retiram da atmosfera parte do carbono assimilado, na forma de CO2.
Está correto o que se afirma somente em
T E X T
If all of the children who currently are sedentary started exercising every day, societies could save enormous amounts of money in the coming decades and have healthier citizens as a whole, according to a remarkable new study. In the United States alone, we could expect to save more than $120 billion every year in health care and associated expenses. The study is the first to use sophisticated computer simulations to arrive at a literal and sobering societal price tag for allowing our children to be sedentary.
Inactivity is, of course, widespread among young people today. Recent research shows that in the United States and Europe, physical activity tends to peak at about age 7 for both boys and girls and tail off continually throughout adolescence. More than two-thirds of children in the United States rarely exercise at all.
The immediate health consequences for inactive children and their families are worrisome. Childhood obesity, which is linked to lack of exercise, is common, as is the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and other health problems related to being overweight among children as young as 6.
But the long-term financial costs of inactivity in the young, both for them and society as a whole, have never been quantified. So for the new study, which was published this week in Health Affairs, researchers with the Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and other institutions decided to create a bogglingly complex computer model of what the future could look like if we do or do not get more of our children moving.
The researchers began by gathering as much public data as is currently available about the health, weight and physical activity patterns of all 31.7 million American children now aged 8 to 11, using large-scale databases from the Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other groups.
The researchers fed this information into a computerized modeling program that created an electronic avatar for every American child today. In line with reality, two-thirds of these children were programmed to rarely exercise and many were overweight or obese.
The scientists then had the simulated children grow up. Using estimations about how calorie intake and activity patterns affect body weight, the program changed each virtual child’s body day-by-day and year-by-year into adulthood. Most became increasingly overweight.
As the simulated children became adults, the scientists then modeled each one’s health, based on obesity-associated risks for heart disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer, and also the probable financial price of dealing with those diseases (adjusted for future inflation), both in terms of direct expenses for hospitalizations, drugs and so on, and lost productivity because of someone’s being ill.
The results were staggering. According to the computer model, the costs of today’s 8- to 11- year-olds being inactive and consequently overweight would be almost $3 trillion in medical expenses and lost productivity every year once the children reached adulthood and for decades until their deaths.
But when the researchers tweaked children’s activity levels within their model, the numbers began to look quite different. If they presumed that, in an imaginary America, half of all children exercised vigorously for about 25 minutes three times a week, such as during active recess or sports or, more ambitiously, ran around and moved for at least an hour every day, which is the amount of youth exercise recommended by the C.D.C., their virtual lives were transformed.
Most obviously, the incidence of childhood obesity fell by more than 4 percent, a change that resonated throughout the simulated children’s lives and society. There were about half a million fewer cases of adult-onset heart disease, diabetes, cancer and strokes in this simulation, and the society-wide costs associated with these illnesses dropped by about $32 billion every year if the children romped about for 25 minutes three times per week and by almost $37 billion if they moved for an hour every day.
The impacts were even more substantial when the researchers assumed that 100 percent of the children who are now sedentary got regular exercise. In this scenario, the annual total costs during adulthood from obesity-associated medical expenses and lost productivity plummeted by about $62 billion when children were active three times a week and by more than $120 billion every year when all of the virtual children played and moved for at least an hour each day.
From: https://www.nytimes.com May 3, 2017
T E X T
If all of the children who currently are sedentary started exercising every day, societies could save enormous amounts of money in the coming decades and have healthier citizens as a whole, according to a remarkable new study. In the United States alone, we could expect to save more than $120 billion every year in health care and associated expenses. The study is the first to use sophisticated computer simulations to arrive at a literal and sobering societal price tag for allowing our children to be sedentary.
Inactivity is, of course, widespread among young people today. Recent research shows that in the United States and Europe, physical activity tends to peak at about age 7 for both boys and girls and tail off continually throughout adolescence. More than two-thirds of children in the United States rarely exercise at all.
The immediate health consequences for inactive children and their families are worrisome. Childhood obesity, which is linked to lack of exercise, is common, as is the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and other health problems related to being overweight among children as young as 6.
But the long-term financial costs of inactivity in the young, both for them and society as a whole, have never been quantified. So for the new study, which was published this week in Health Affairs, researchers with the Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and other institutions decided to create a bogglingly complex computer model of what the future could look like if we do or do not get more of our children moving.
The researchers began by gathering as much public data as is currently available about the health, weight and physical activity patterns of all 31.7 million American children now aged 8 to 11, using large-scale databases from the Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other groups.
The researchers fed this information into a computerized modeling program that created an electronic avatar for every American child today. In line with reality, two-thirds of these children were programmed to rarely exercise and many were overweight or obese.
The scientists then had the simulated children grow up. Using estimations about how calorie intake and activity patterns affect body weight, the program changed each virtual child’s body day-by-day and year-by-year into adulthood. Most became increasingly overweight.
As the simulated children became adults, the scientists then modeled each one’s health, based on obesity-associated risks for heart disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer, and also the probable financial price of dealing with those diseases (adjusted for future inflation), both in terms of direct expenses for hospitalizations, drugs and so on, and lost productivity because of someone’s being ill.
The results were staggering. According to the computer model, the costs of today’s 8- to 11- year-olds being inactive and consequently overweight would be almost $3 trillion in medical expenses and lost productivity every year once the children reached adulthood and for decades until their deaths.
But when the researchers tweaked children’s activity levels within their model, the numbers began to look quite different. If they presumed that, in an imaginary America, half of all children exercised vigorously for about 25 minutes three times a week, such as during active recess or sports or, more ambitiously, ran around and moved for at least an hour every day, which is the amount of youth exercise recommended by the C.D.C., their virtual lives were transformed.
Most obviously, the incidence of childhood obesity fell by more than 4 percent, a change that resonated throughout the simulated children’s lives and society. There were about half a million fewer cases of adult-onset heart disease, diabetes, cancer and strokes in this simulation, and the society-wide costs associated with these illnesses dropped by about $32 billion every year if the children romped about for 25 minutes three times per week and by almost $37 billion if they moved for an hour every day.
The impacts were even more substantial when the researchers assumed that 100 percent of the children who are now sedentary got regular exercise. In this scenario, the annual total costs during adulthood from obesity-associated medical expenses and lost productivity plummeted by about $62 billion when children were active three times a week and by more than $120 billion every year when all of the virtual children played and moved for at least an hour each day.
From: https://www.nytimes.com May 3, 2017
T E X T
If all of the children who currently are sedentary started exercising every day, societies could save enormous amounts of money in the coming decades and have healthier citizens as a whole, according to a remarkable new study. In the United States alone, we could expect to save more than $120 billion every year in health care and associated expenses. The study is the first to use sophisticated computer simulations to arrive at a literal and sobering societal price tag for allowing our children to be sedentary.
Inactivity is, of course, widespread among young people today. Recent research shows that in the United States and Europe, physical activity tends to peak at about age 7 for both boys and girls and tail off continually throughout adolescence. More than two-thirds of children in the United States rarely exercise at all.
The immediate health consequences for inactive children and their families are worrisome. Childhood obesity, which is linked to lack of exercise, is common, as is the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and other health problems related to being overweight among children as young as 6.
But the long-term financial costs of inactivity in the young, both for them and society as a whole, have never been quantified. So for the new study, which was published this week in Health Affairs, researchers with the Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and other institutions decided to create a bogglingly complex computer model of what the future could look like if we do or do not get more of our children moving.
The researchers began by gathering as much public data as is currently available about the health, weight and physical activity patterns of all 31.7 million American children now aged 8 to 11, using large-scale databases from the Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other groups.
The researchers fed this information into a computerized modeling program that created an electronic avatar for every American child today. In line with reality, two-thirds of these children were programmed to rarely exercise and many were overweight or obese.
The scientists then had the simulated children grow up. Using estimations about how calorie intake and activity patterns affect body weight, the program changed each virtual child’s body day-by-day and year-by-year into adulthood. Most became increasingly overweight.
As the simulated children became adults, the scientists then modeled each one’s health, based on obesity-associated risks for heart disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer, and also the probable financial price of dealing with those diseases (adjusted for future inflation), both in terms of direct expenses for hospitalizations, drugs and so on, and lost productivity because of someone’s being ill.
The results were staggering. According to the computer model, the costs of today’s 8- to 11- year-olds being inactive and consequently overweight would be almost $3 trillion in medical expenses and lost productivity every year once the children reached adulthood and for decades until their deaths.
But when the researchers tweaked children’s activity levels within their model, the numbers began to look quite different. If they presumed that, in an imaginary America, half of all children exercised vigorously for about 25 minutes three times a week, such as during active recess or sports or, more ambitiously, ran around and moved for at least an hour every day, which is the amount of youth exercise recommended by the C.D.C., their virtual lives were transformed.
Most obviously, the incidence of childhood obesity fell by more than 4 percent, a change that resonated throughout the simulated children’s lives and society. There were about half a million fewer cases of adult-onset heart disease, diabetes, cancer and strokes in this simulation, and the society-wide costs associated with these illnesses dropped by about $32 billion every year if the children romped about for 25 minutes three times per week and by almost $37 billion if they moved for an hour every day.
The impacts were even more substantial when the researchers assumed that 100 percent of the children who are now sedentary got regular exercise. In this scenario, the annual total costs during adulthood from obesity-associated medical expenses and lost productivity plummeted by about $62 billion when children were active three times a week and by more than $120 billion every year when all of the virtual children played and moved for at least an hour each day.
From: https://www.nytimes.com May 3, 2017
T E X T
If all of the children who currently are sedentary started exercising every day, societies could save enormous amounts of money in the coming decades and have healthier citizens as a whole, according to a remarkable new study. In the United States alone, we could expect to save more than $120 billion every year in health care and associated expenses. The study is the first to use sophisticated computer simulations to arrive at a literal and sobering societal price tag for allowing our children to be sedentary.
Inactivity is, of course, widespread among young people today. Recent research shows that in the United States and Europe, physical activity tends to peak at about age 7 for both boys and girls and tail off continually throughout adolescence. More than two-thirds of children in the United States rarely exercise at all.
The immediate health consequences for inactive children and their families are worrisome. Childhood obesity, which is linked to lack of exercise, is common, as is the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and other health problems related to being overweight among children as young as 6.
But the long-term financial costs of inactivity in the young, both for them and society as a whole, have never been quantified. So for the new study, which was published this week in Health Affairs, researchers with the Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and other institutions decided to create a bogglingly complex computer model of what the future could look like if we do or do not get more of our children moving.
The researchers began by gathering as much public data as is currently available about the health, weight and physical activity patterns of all 31.7 million American children now aged 8 to 11, using large-scale databases from the Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other groups.
The researchers fed this information into a computerized modeling program that created an electronic avatar for every American child today. In line with reality, two-thirds of these children were programmed to rarely exercise and many were overweight or obese.
The scientists then had the simulated children grow up. Using estimations about how calorie intake and activity patterns affect body weight, the program changed each virtual child’s body day-by-day and year-by-year into adulthood. Most became increasingly overweight.
As the simulated children became adults, the scientists then modeled each one’s health, based on obesity-associated risks for heart disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer, and also the probable financial price of dealing with those diseases (adjusted for future inflation), both in terms of direct expenses for hospitalizations, drugs and so on, and lost productivity because of someone’s being ill.
The results were staggering. According to the computer model, the costs of today’s 8- to 11- year-olds being inactive and consequently overweight would be almost $3 trillion in medical expenses and lost productivity every year once the children reached adulthood and for decades until their deaths.
But when the researchers tweaked children’s activity levels within their model, the numbers began to look quite different. If they presumed that, in an imaginary America, half of all children exercised vigorously for about 25 minutes three times a week, such as during active recess or sports or, more ambitiously, ran around and moved for at least an hour every day, which is the amount of youth exercise recommended by the C.D.C., their virtual lives were transformed.
Most obviously, the incidence of childhood obesity fell by more than 4 percent, a change that resonated throughout the simulated children’s lives and society. There were about half a million fewer cases of adult-onset heart disease, diabetes, cancer and strokes in this simulation, and the society-wide costs associated with these illnesses dropped by about $32 billion every year if the children romped about for 25 minutes three times per week and by almost $37 billion if they moved for an hour every day.
The impacts were even more substantial when the researchers assumed that 100 percent of the children who are now sedentary got regular exercise. In this scenario, the annual total costs during adulthood from obesity-associated medical expenses and lost productivity plummeted by about $62 billion when children were active three times a week and by more than $120 billion every year when all of the virtual children played and moved for at least an hour each day.
From: https://www.nytimes.com May 3, 2017
T E X T
If all of the children who currently are sedentary started exercising every day, societies could save enormous amounts of money in the coming decades and have healthier citizens as a whole, according to a remarkable new study. In the United States alone, we could expect to save more than $120 billion every year in health care and associated expenses. The study is the first to use sophisticated computer simulations to arrive at a literal and sobering societal price tag for allowing our children to be sedentary.
Inactivity is, of course, widespread among young people today. Recent research shows that in the United States and Europe, physical activity tends to peak at about age 7 for both boys and girls and tail off continually throughout adolescence. More than two-thirds of children in the United States rarely exercise at all.
The immediate health consequences for inactive children and their families are worrisome. Childhood obesity, which is linked to lack of exercise, is common, as is the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and other health problems related to being overweight among children as young as 6.
But the long-term financial costs of inactivity in the young, both for them and society as a whole, have never been quantified. So for the new study, which was published this week in Health Affairs, researchers with the Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and other institutions decided to create a bogglingly complex computer model of what the future could look like if we do or do not get more of our children moving.
The researchers began by gathering as much public data as is currently available about the health, weight and physical activity patterns of all 31.7 million American children now aged 8 to 11, using large-scale databases from the Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other groups.
The researchers fed this information into a computerized modeling program that created an electronic avatar for every American child today. In line with reality, two-thirds of these children were programmed to rarely exercise and many were overweight or obese.
The scientists then had the simulated children grow up. Using estimations about how calorie intake and activity patterns affect body weight, the program changed each virtual child’s body day-by-day and year-by-year into adulthood. Most became increasingly overweight.
As the simulated children became adults, the scientists then modeled each one’s health, based on obesity-associated risks for heart disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer, and also the probable financial price of dealing with those diseases (adjusted for future inflation), both in terms of direct expenses for hospitalizations, drugs and so on, and lost productivity because of someone’s being ill.
The results were staggering. According to the computer model, the costs of today’s 8- to 11- year-olds being inactive and consequently overweight would be almost $3 trillion in medical expenses and lost productivity every year once the children reached adulthood and for decades until their deaths.
But when the researchers tweaked children’s activity levels within their model, the numbers began to look quite different. If they presumed that, in an imaginary America, half of all children exercised vigorously for about 25 minutes three times a week, such as during active recess or sports or, more ambitiously, ran around and moved for at least an hour every day, which is the amount of youth exercise recommended by the C.D.C., their virtual lives were transformed.
Most obviously, the incidence of childhood obesity fell by more than 4 percent, a change that resonated throughout the simulated children’s lives and society. There were about half a million fewer cases of adult-onset heart disease, diabetes, cancer and strokes in this simulation, and the society-wide costs associated with these illnesses dropped by about $32 billion every year if the children romped about for 25 minutes three times per week and by almost $37 billion if they moved for an hour every day.
The impacts were even more substantial when the researchers assumed that 100 percent of the children who are now sedentary got regular exercise. In this scenario, the annual total costs during adulthood from obesity-associated medical expenses and lost productivity plummeted by about $62 billion when children were active three times a week and by more than $120 billion every year when all of the virtual children played and moved for at least an hour each day.
From: https://www.nytimes.com May 3, 2017
T E X T
If all of the children who currently are sedentary started exercising every day, societies could save enormous amounts of money in the coming decades and have healthier citizens as a whole, according to a remarkable new study. In the United States alone, we could expect to save more than $120 billion every year in health care and associated expenses. The study is the first to use sophisticated computer simulations to arrive at a literal and sobering societal price tag for allowing our children to be sedentary.
Inactivity is, of course, widespread among young people today. Recent research shows that in the United States and Europe, physical activity tends to peak at about age 7 for both boys and girls and tail off continually throughout adolescence. More than two-thirds of children in the United States rarely exercise at all.
The immediate health consequences for inactive children and their families are worrisome. Childhood obesity, which is linked to lack of exercise, is common, as is the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and other health problems related to being overweight among children as young as 6.
But the long-term financial costs of inactivity in the young, both for them and society as a whole, have never been quantified. So for the new study, which was published this week in Health Affairs, researchers with the Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and other institutions decided to create a bogglingly complex computer model of what the future could look like if we do or do not get more of our children moving.
The researchers began by gathering as much public data as is currently available about the health, weight and physical activity patterns of all 31.7 million American children now aged 8 to 11, using large-scale databases from the Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other groups.
The researchers fed this information into a computerized modeling program that created an electronic avatar for every American child today. In line with reality, two-thirds of these children were programmed to rarely exercise and many were overweight or obese.
The scientists then had the simulated children grow up. Using estimations about how calorie intake and activity patterns affect body weight, the program changed each virtual child’s body day-by-day and year-by-year into adulthood. Most became increasingly overweight.
As the simulated children became adults, the scientists then modeled each one’s health, based on obesity-associated risks for heart disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer, and also the probable financial price of dealing with those diseases (adjusted for future inflation), both in terms of direct expenses for hospitalizations, drugs and so on, and lost productivity because of someone’s being ill.
The results were staggering. According to the computer model, the costs of today’s 8- to 11- year-olds being inactive and consequently overweight would be almost $3 trillion in medical expenses and lost productivity every year once the children reached adulthood and for decades until their deaths.
But when the researchers tweaked children’s activity levels within their model, the numbers began to look quite different. If they presumed that, in an imaginary America, half of all children exercised vigorously for about 25 minutes three times a week, such as during active recess or sports or, more ambitiously, ran around and moved for at least an hour every day, which is the amount of youth exercise recommended by the C.D.C., their virtual lives were transformed.
Most obviously, the incidence of childhood obesity fell by more than 4 percent, a change that resonated throughout the simulated children’s lives and society. There were about half a million fewer cases of adult-onset heart disease, diabetes, cancer and strokes in this simulation, and the society-wide costs associated with these illnesses dropped by about $32 billion every year if the children romped about for 25 minutes three times per week and by almost $37 billion if they moved for an hour every day.
The impacts were even more substantial when the researchers assumed that 100 percent of the children who are now sedentary got regular exercise. In this scenario, the annual total costs during adulthood from obesity-associated medical expenses and lost productivity plummeted by about $62 billion when children were active three times a week and by more than $120 billion every year when all of the virtual children played and moved for at least an hour each day.
From: https://www.nytimes.com May 3, 2017
T E X T
If all of the children who currently are sedentary started exercising every day, societies could save enormous amounts of money in the coming decades and have healthier citizens as a whole, according to a remarkable new study. In the United States alone, we could expect to save more than $120 billion every year in health care and associated expenses. The study is the first to use sophisticated computer simulations to arrive at a literal and sobering societal price tag for allowing our children to be sedentary.
Inactivity is, of course, widespread among young people today. Recent research shows that in the United States and Europe, physical activity tends to peak at about age 7 for both boys and girls and tail off continually throughout adolescence. More than two-thirds of children in the United States rarely exercise at all.
The immediate health consequences for inactive children and their families are worrisome. Childhood obesity, which is linked to lack of exercise, is common, as is the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and other health problems related to being overweight among children as young as 6.
But the long-term financial costs of inactivity in the young, both for them and society as a whole, have never been quantified. So for the new study, which was published this week in Health Affairs, researchers with the Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and other institutions decided to create a bogglingly complex computer model of what the future could look like if we do or do not get more of our children moving.
The researchers began by gathering as much public data as is currently available about the health, weight and physical activity patterns of all 31.7 million American children now aged 8 to 11, using large-scale databases from the Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other groups.
The researchers fed this information into a computerized modeling program that created an electronic avatar for every American child today. In line with reality, two-thirds of these children were programmed to rarely exercise and many were overweight or obese.
The scientists then had the simulated children grow up. Using estimations about how calorie intake and activity patterns affect body weight, the program changed each virtual child’s body day-by-day and year-by-year into adulthood. Most became increasingly overweight.
As the simulated children became adults, the scientists then modeled each one’s health, based on obesity-associated risks for heart disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer, and also the probable financial price of dealing with those diseases (adjusted for future inflation), both in terms of direct expenses for hospitalizations, drugs and so on, and lost productivity because of someone’s being ill.
The results were staggering. According to the computer model, the costs of today’s 8- to 11- year-olds being inactive and consequently overweight would be almost $3 trillion in medical expenses and lost productivity every year once the children reached adulthood and for decades until their deaths.
But when the researchers tweaked children’s activity levels within their model, the numbers began to look quite different. If they presumed that, in an imaginary America, half of all children exercised vigorously for about 25 minutes three times a week, such as during active recess or sports or, more ambitiously, ran around and moved for at least an hour every day, which is the amount of youth exercise recommended by the C.D.C., their virtual lives were transformed.
Most obviously, the incidence of childhood obesity fell by more than 4 percent, a change that resonated throughout the simulated children’s lives and society. There were about half a million fewer cases of adult-onset heart disease, diabetes, cancer and strokes in this simulation, and the society-wide costs associated with these illnesses dropped by about $32 billion every year if the children romped about for 25 minutes three times per week and by almost $37 billion if they moved for an hour every day.
The impacts were even more substantial when the researchers assumed that 100 percent of the children who are now sedentary got regular exercise. In this scenario, the annual total costs during adulthood from obesity-associated medical expenses and lost productivity plummeted by about $62 billion when children were active three times a week and by more than $120 billion every year when all of the virtual children played and moved for at least an hour each day.
From: https://www.nytimes.com May 3, 2017
T E X T
If all of the children who currently are sedentary started exercising every day, societies could save enormous amounts of money in the coming decades and have healthier citizens as a whole, according to a remarkable new study. In the United States alone, we could expect to save more than $120 billion every year in health care and associated expenses. The study is the first to use sophisticated computer simulations to arrive at a literal and sobering societal price tag for allowing our children to be sedentary.
Inactivity is, of course, widespread among young people today. Recent research shows that in the United States and Europe, physical activity tends to peak at about age 7 for both boys and girls and tail off continually throughout adolescence. More than two-thirds of children in the United States rarely exercise at all.
The immediate health consequences for inactive children and their families are worrisome. Childhood obesity, which is linked to lack of exercise, is common, as is the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and other health problems related to being overweight among children as young as 6.
But the long-term financial costs of inactivity in the young, both for them and society as a whole, have never been quantified. So for the new study, which was published this week in Health Affairs, researchers with the Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and other institutions decided to create a bogglingly complex computer model of what the future could look like if we do or do not get more of our children moving.
The researchers began by gathering as much public data as is currently available about the health, weight and physical activity patterns of all 31.7 million American children now aged 8 to 11, using large-scale databases from the Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other groups.
The researchers fed this information into a computerized modeling program that created an electronic avatar for every American child today. In line with reality, two-thirds of these children were programmed to rarely exercise and many were overweight or obese.
The scientists then had the simulated children grow up. Using estimations about how calorie intake and activity patterns affect body weight, the program changed each virtual child’s body day-by-day and year-by-year into adulthood. Most became increasingly overweight.
As the simulated children became adults, the scientists then modeled each one’s health, based on obesity-associated risks for heart disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer, and also the probable financial price of dealing with those diseases (adjusted for future inflation), both in terms of direct expenses for hospitalizations, drugs and so on, and lost productivity because of someone’s being ill.
The results were staggering. According to the computer model, the costs of today’s 8- to 11- year-olds being inactive and consequently overweight would be almost $3 trillion in medical expenses and lost productivity every year once the children reached adulthood and for decades until their deaths.
But when the researchers tweaked children’s activity levels within their model, the numbers began to look quite different. If they presumed that, in an imaginary America, half of all children exercised vigorously for about 25 minutes three times a week, such as during active recess or sports or, more ambitiously, ran around and moved for at least an hour every day, which is the amount of youth exercise recommended by the C.D.C., their virtual lives were transformed.
Most obviously, the incidence of childhood obesity fell by more than 4 percent, a change that resonated throughout the simulated children’s lives and society. There were about half a million fewer cases of adult-onset heart disease, diabetes, cancer and strokes in this simulation, and the society-wide costs associated with these illnesses dropped by about $32 billion every year if the children romped about for 25 minutes three times per week and by almost $37 billion if they moved for an hour every day.
The impacts were even more substantial when the researchers assumed that 100 percent of the children who are now sedentary got regular exercise. In this scenario, the annual total costs during adulthood from obesity-associated medical expenses and lost productivity plummeted by about $62 billion when children were active three times a week and by more than $120 billion every year when all of the virtual children played and moved for at least an hour each day.
From: https://www.nytimes.com May 3, 2017